Major Cities of Town Planning

The Indus Valley Civilization is known for its well-planned cities with advanced infrastructure. The major cities of the civilization, including Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, and Kalibangan, were characterized by a grid-like street pattern, multi-storeyed houses, public buildings, and a sophisticated drainage system. These cities were also fortified, with walls and gates for protection against invaders.

Harappa was the first city to be excavated and revealed a well-planned city with a grid-like street pattern and a central citadel. Mohenjo-daro was the largest city and had a complex water supply system, public baths, and a granary. Dholavira had an impressive water conservation system, with tanks and reservoirs for storing rainwater. Kalibangan had a fortified citadel and a dockyard, indicating its importance as a trade center.

The well-planned cities of the Indus Valley Civilization were ahead of their time and provided insights into early urban planning and engineering. The cities were also important trade centers and facilitated the exchange of goods with other parts of the world.

Studying the major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization provides insights into early town planning, engineering, and water management systems. Aspiring UPSC candidates should familiarize themselves with the major cities and their unique features, such as their street patterns, public buildings, and water supply systems. Useful reference books include "The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective" by Gregory Possehl and "The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives" by Jane McIntosh.