Indus Valley Civilization

 

 "The Indus Valley Civilization is one of the world's oldest and most advanced civilizations."

Definition: River valley from around 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. It was characterized by well-planned cities with advanced infrastructure and a sophisticated system of writing.

 The civilization was spread across present-day India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Its cities had a grid-like street pattern, multi-storeyed houses, public buildings, and a sophisticated drainage system. The civilization was known for its handicrafts and traded with Mesopotamia, Iran, and Central Asia.

 The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization is still debated among historians. Some theories suggest climate change and environmental factors, while others suggest invasions by nomadic tribes. The legacy of the Indus Valley Civilization can be seen in various cultural and religious practices in South Asia.

 The Indus Valley Civilization is an important part of India's cultural and historical heritage. Studying it provides insights into early urban planning, engineering, and writing systems. Aspiring UPSC candidates should familiarize themselves with its geography, economy, social structure, and culture. Useful reference books include "The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective" by Gregory Possehl and "The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives" by Jane McIntosh.