INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION

The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was one of the world's earliest advanced societies, flourishing in the Indus River valley around 2500-1900 BCE.

The Indus Valley Civilization thrived in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. It had well-planned cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, with straight streets, brick houses, and advanced drainage systems. People lived by farming wheat, barley, and raising animals like cattle and sheep. They were skilled in making things out of metal, like tools and jewelry.

They traded with places like Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) and had their own writing system, but we still can't read it today. The civilization seems to have been fairly equal, with evidence that wealth was shared somewhat evenly and that there was central authority for building things like public wells.

Around 1900 BCE, the civilization declined, maybe because the climate changed and made it harder to farm. But its influence on later Indian culture was huge, showing how early societies could organize themselves in cities, trade, and create new technologies.

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The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the earliest examples of how cities could be planned and how societies could thrive through farming, trade, and technology.

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